Wep Key Generator 40 Bit

1. Encryption Key Generator 128 Bit
2. Wep Key Generator 40 Bit Free

40-bit encryption refers to a key size of forty bits, or five bytes, for symmetric encryption; this represents a relatively low level of security.A forty bit length corresponds to a total of 2 40 possible keys. Although this is a large number in human terms (about a trillion), it is possible to break this degree of encryption using a moderate amount of computing power in a brute-force attack. If that manufacturer uses the 24-bit internal trigger key, you may only be able to use a 40-bit entry. That is technically called 64-bit BASE encryption. For many of the encryption depths, we offer both full and base choices. Select the quantity of characters in the ASCII character pool. WLAN Key Generator Character Set 0-9, A-Z, a-z (ASCII 48-57, 65-90, 97-122) 0-9, A-Z, a-z + special characters (ASCII 33-126) 0-9. Key: Feedback - try ssid by wifis.org Do you want this page in your own language? Send me a translation! WEP-Key converter. ASCII: HEX: size: bit einhorn, 2000909: WEP-Keys: 40 bit: 5 ASCII chars, 10 HEX ('64 bit') 104 bit: 13 ASCII chars, 26 HEX ('128 bit') 232 bit: 29 ASCII chars, 58 HEX ('256 bit') Note: not all HEX keys can be converted to ASCII!

40-bit encryption refers to a key size of forty bits, or five bytes, for symmetric encryption; this represents a relatively low level of security. A forty bit length corresponds to a total of 2⁴⁰ possible keys. Although this is a large number in human terms (about a trillion), it is possible to break this degree of encryption using a moderate amount of computing power in a brute-force attack, i.e., trying out each possible key in turn.

• Newsham exposed another vulnerability of WEP by demonstrating that the key generator used by many vendors is flawed for 40-bit key generation. Using a typical laptop, he was able to crack a 40-bit key is less than a minute. Another flaw of WEP, in the key scheduling.
• Standard 64-bit WEP uses a 40 bit key (also known as WEP-40), which is concatenated with a 24-bit initialization vector (IV) to form the RC4 key. At the time that the original WEP standard was drafted, the U.S. Government's export restrictions on cryptographic technology limited the key size.
• Feb 13, 2007  WEP is the encryption algorithm built into the 802.11 (Wi-Fi) standard. WEP encryption uses the Ron's Code 4 (RC4) Stream Cipher with 40- or 104-bit keys and a 24-bit initialization vector (IV). As the standard specifies, WEP uses the RC4 algorithm with a 40-bit or 104-bit key and a 24-bit IV.

Description[edit]

A typical home computer in 2004 could brute-force a 40-bit key in a little under two weeks, testing a million keys per second; modern computers are able to achieve this much faster. Using free time on a large corporate network or a botnet would reduce the time in proportion to the number of computers available.^[1] With dedicated hardware, a 40-bit key can be broken in seconds. The Electronic Frontier Foundation's Deep Crack, built by a group of enthusiasts for US$250,000 in 1998, could break a 56-bit Data Encryption Standard (DES) key in days,^[2] and would be able to break 40-bit DES encryption in about two seconds.^[3]

40-bit encryption was common in software released before 1999, especially those based on the RC2 and RC4 algorithms which had special '7-day' export review policies,^{[citation needed]} when algorithms with larger key lengths could not legally be exported from the United States without a case-by-case license. 'In the early 1990s ... As a general policy, the State Department allowed exports of commercial encryption with 40-bit keys, although some software with DES could be exported to U.S.-controlled subsidiaries and financial institutions.'^[4][5] As a result, the 'international' versions of web browsers were designed to have an effective key size of 40 bits when using Secure Sockets Layer to protect e-commerce. Similar limitations were imposed on other software packages, including early versions of Wired Equivalent Privacy. In 1992, IBM designed the CDMF algorithm to reduce the strength of 56-bit DES against brute force attack to 40 bits, in order to create exportable DES implementations.

Obsolescence[edit]

All 40-bit and 56-bit encryption algorithms are obsolete, because they are vulnerable to brute force attacks, and therefore cannot be regarded as secure.^[6][7] As a result, virtually all Web browsers now use 128-bit keys, which are considered strong. Most Web servers will not communicate with a client unless it has 128-bit encryption capability installed on it.

Public/private key pairs used in asymmetric encryption (public key cryptography), at least those based on prime factorization, must be much longer in order to be secure; see key size for more details.

As a general rule, modern symmetric encryption algorithms such as AES use key lengths of 128, 192 and 256 bits.

See also[edit]

Footnotes[edit]

1. ^Schneier 1996, p. 154.
2. ^EFF-1998.
3. ^Schneier 1996, p. 153.
4. ^Grimmett 2001.
5. ^Schneier 1996, p. 615.
6. ^University of California at Berkeley Public Information Office (January 29, 1997). 'The only legally exportable cryptography level is totally insecure; UC Berkeley grad student breaks challenge cipher in hours'. The Regents of the University of California. Retrieved December 14, 2015. This is the final proof of what we've known for years: 40-bit encryption technology is obsolete.
7. ^Fitzmaurice, Ellen; Tamaki, Kevin (June 1, 1997). 'Decoding the Encryption Debate: U.S. export restrictions and 'key recovery' policies are ineffectual as well as burdensome to business'. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 14, 2015. But recent advances in computing technology have rendered 40-bit encryption dangerously weak and export limits commercially obsolete.

References[edit]

• 'Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) About the Electronic Frontier Foundation's 'DES Cracker' Machine'. Electronic Frontier Foundation. July 16, 1998. Archived from the original on September 18, 2012. Retrieved March 23, 2012.
• Grimmett, Jeanne J. (2001). Encryption Export Controls(pdf) (Report). Congressional Research Service Report RL30273.
• Schneier, Bruce (1996). Applied Cryptography (Second ed.). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN0-471-11709-9.

Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) is a security algorithm for IEEE 802.11 wireless networks. Introduced as part of the original 802.11 standard ratified in 1997, its intention was to provide data confidentiality comparable to that of a traditional wired network.^[1] WEP, recognizable by its key of 10 or 26 hexadecimal digits (40 or 104 bits), was at one time widely in use and was often the first security choice presented to users by router configuration tools.^[2][3]

In 2003 the Wi-Fi Alliance announced that WEP had been superseded by Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA). In 2004, with the ratification of the full 802.11i standard (i.e. WPA2), the IEEE declared that both WEP-40 and WEP-104 have been deprecated.^[4]

WEP was the only encryption protocol available to 802.11a and 802.11b devices built before the WPA standard, which was available for 802.11g devices. However, some 802.11b devices were later provided with firmware or software updates to enable WPA, and newer devices had it built in.^[5]

History[edit]

Encryption Key Generator 128 Bit

WEP was ratified as a Wi-Fi security standard in 1999. The first versions of WEP were not particularly strong, even for the time they were released, because U.S. restrictions on the export of various cryptographic technology led to manufacturers restricting their devices to only 64-bit encryption. When the restrictions were lifted, it was increased to 128-bit. Despite the introduction of 256-bit WEP, 128-bit remains one of the most common implementations.^[6]

Encryption details[edit]

WEP was included as the privacy component of the original IEEE 802.11 standard ratified in 1997.^[7][8] WEP uses the stream cipherRC4 for confidentiality,^[9] and the CRC-32 checksum for integrity.^[10] It was deprecated in 2004 and is documented in the current standard.^[11]

Standard 64-bit WEP uses a 40 bit key (also known as WEP-40), which is concatenated with a 24-bit initialization vector (IV) to form the RC4 key. At the time that the original WEP standard was drafted, the U.S. Government's export restrictions on cryptographic technology limited the key size. Once the restrictions were lifted, manufacturers of access points implemented an extended 128-bit WEP protocol using a 104-bit key size (WEP-104).

A 64-bit WEP key is usually entered as a string of 10 hexadecimal (base 16) characters (0–9 and A–F). Each character represents 4 bits, 10 digits of 4 bits each gives 40 bits; adding the 24-bit IV produces the complete 64-bit WEP key (4 bits × 10 + 24 bits IV = 64 bits of WEP key). Most devices also allow the user to enter the key as 5 ASCII characters (0–9, a–z, A–Z), each of which is turned into 8 bits using the character's byte value in ASCII (8 bits × 5 + 24 bits IV = 64 bits of WEP key); however, this restricts each byte to be a printable ASCII character, which is only a small fraction of possible byte values, greatly reducing the space of possible keys.

A 128-bit WEP key is usually entered as a string of 26 hexadecimal characters. 26 digits of 4 bits each gives 104 bits; adding the 24-bit IV produces the complete 128-bit WEP key (4 bits × 26 + 24 bits IV = 128 bits of WEP key). Most devices also allow the user to enter it as 13 ASCII characters (8 bits × 13 + 24 bits IV = 128 bits of WEP key).

A 152-bit and a 256-bit WEP systems are available from some vendors. As with the other WEP variants, 24 bits of that is for the IV, leaving 128 or 232 bits for actual protection. These 128 or 232 bits are typically entered as 32 or 58 hexadecimal characters (4 bits × 32 + 24 bits IV = 152 bits of WEP key, 4 bits × 58 + 24 bits IV = 256 bits of WEP key). Most devices also allow the user to enter it as 16 or 29 ASCII characters (8 bits × 16 + 24 bits IV = 152 bits of WEP key, 8 bits × 29 + 24 bits IV = 256 bits of WEP key).

Authentication[edit]

Two methods of authentication can be used with WEP: Open System authentication and Shared Key authentication.

In Open System authentication, the WLAN client does not provide its credentials to the Access Point during authentication. Any client can authenticate with the Access Point and then attempt to associate. In effect, no authentication occurs. Subsequently, WEP keys can be used for encrypting data frames. At this point, the client must have the correct keys.

In Shared Key authentication, the WEP key is used for authentication in a four-step challenge-response handshake:

1. The client sends an authentication request to the Access Point.
2. The Access Point replies with a clear-text challenge.
3. The client encrypts the challenge-text using the configured WEP key and sends it back in another authentication request.
4. The Access Point decrypts the response. If this matches the challenge text, the Access Point sends back a positive reply.

After the authentication and association, the pre-shared WEP key is also used for encrypting the data frames using RC4.

At first glance, it might seem as though Shared Key authentication is more secure than Open System authentication, since the latter offers no real authentication. However, it is quite the reverse. It is possible to derive the keystream used for the handshake by capturing the challenge frames in Shared Key authentication.^[12] Therefore, data can be more easily intercepted and decrypted with Shared Key authentication than with Open System authentication. If privacy is a primary concern, it is more advisable to use Open System authentication for WEP authentication, rather than Shared Key authentication; however, this also means that any WLAN client can connect to the AP. (Both authentication mechanisms are weak; Shared Key WEP is deprecated in favor of WPA/WPA2.)

Weak security[edit]

Because RC4 is a stream cipher, the same traffic key must never be used twice. The purpose of an IV, which is transmitted as plain text, is to prevent any repetition, but a 24-bit IV is not long enough to ensure this on a busy network. The way the IV was used also opened WEP to a related key attack. For a 24-bit IV, there is a 50% probability the same IV will repeat after 5,000 packets.

In August 2001, Scott Fluhrer, Itsik Mantin, and Adi Shamir published a cryptanalysis of WEP^[13] that exploits the way the RC4 ciphers and IV are used in WEP, resulting in a passive attack that can recover the RC4 key after eavesdropping on the network. Depending on the amount of network traffic, and thus the number of packets available for inspection, a successful key recovery could take as little as one minute. If an insufficient number of packets are being sent, there are ways for an attacker to send packets on the network and thereby stimulate reply packets which can then be inspected to find the key. The attack was soon implemented, and automated tools have since been released. It is possible to perform the attack with a personal computer, off-the-shelf hardware and freely available software such as aircrack-ng to crack any WEP key in minutes.

Cam-Winget et al.^[14] surveyed a variety of shortcomings in WEP. They write 'Experiments in the field show that, with proper equipment, it is practical to eavesdrop on WEP-protected networks from distances of a mile or more from the target.' They also reported two generic weaknesses:

• the use of WEP was optional, resulting in many installations never even activating it, and
• by default, WEP relies on a single shared key among users, which leads to practical problems in handling compromises, which often leads to ignoring compromises.

In 2005, a group from the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation gave a demonstration where they cracked a WEP-protected network in three minutes using publicly available tools.^[15] Andreas Klein presented another analysis of the RC4 stream cipher. Klein showed that there are more correlations between the RC4 keystream and the key than the ones found by Fluhrer, Mantin and Shamir which can additionally be used to break WEP in WEP-like usage modes.

Wep Key Generator 40 Bit Free

In 2006, Bittau, Handley, and Lackey showed^[2] that the 802.11 protocol itself can be used against WEP to enable earlier attacks that were previously thought impractical. After eavesdropping a single packet, an attacker can rapidly bootstrap to be able to transmit arbitrary data. The eavesdropped packet can then be decrypted one byte at a time (by transmitting about 128 packets per byte to decrypt) to discover the local network IP addresses. Finally, if the 802.11 network is connected to the Internet, the attacker can use 802.11 fragmentation to replay eavesdropped packets while crafting a new IP header onto them. The access point can then be used to decrypt these packets and relay them on to a buddy on the Internet, allowing real-time decryption of WEP traffic within a minute of eavesdropping the first packet.

In 2007, Erik Tews, Andrei Pychkine, and Ralf-Philipp Weinmann were able to extend Klein's 2005 attack and optimize it for usage against WEP. With the new attack^[16] it is possible to recover a 104-bit WEP key with probability 50% using only 40,000 captured packets. For 60,000 available data packets, the success probability is about 80% and for 85,000 data packets about 95%. Using active techniques like deauth and ARP re-injection, 40,000 packets can be captured in less than one minute under good conditions. The actual computation takes about 3 seconds and 3 MB of main memory on a Pentium-M 1.7 GHz and can additionally be optimized for devices with slower CPUs. The same attack can be used for 40-bit keys with an even higher success probability.

In 2008 the Payment Card Industry (PCI) Security Standards Council updated the Data Security Standard (DSS) to prohibit use of WEP as part of any credit-card processing after 30 June 2010, and prohibit any new system from being installed that uses WEP after 31 March 2009. The use of WEP contributed to the TJ Maxx parent company network invasion.^[17]

Remedies[edit]

Use of encrypted tunneling protocols (e.g. IPSec, Secure Shell) can provide secure data transmission over an insecure network. However, replacements for WEP have been developed with the goal of restoring security to the wireless network itself.

802.11i (WPA and WPA2)[edit]

The recommended solution to WEP security problems is to switch to WPA2. WPA was an intermediate solution for hardware that could not support WPA2. Both WPA and WPA2 are much more secure than WEP.^[18] To add support for WPA or WPA2, some old Wi-Fi access points might need to be replaced or have their firmware upgraded. WPA was designed as an interim software-implementable solution for WEP that could forestall immediate deployment of new hardware.^[19] However, TKIP (the basis of WPA) has reached the end of its designed lifetime, has been partially broken, and had been officially deprecated with the release of the 802.11-2012 standard.^[20]

Implemented non-standard fixes[edit]

WEP2[edit]

This stopgap enhancement to WEP was present in some of the early 802.11i drafts. It was implementable on some (not all) hardware not able to handle WPA or WPA2, and extended both the IV and the key values to 128 bits.^[21] It was hoped to eliminate the duplicate IV deficiency as well as stop brute force key attacks.

After it became clear that the overall WEP algorithm was deficient (and not just the IV and key sizes) and would require even more fixes, both the WEP2 name and original algorithm were dropped. The two extended key lengths remained in what eventually became WPA's TKIP.

WEPplus[edit]

WEPplus, also known as WEP+, is a proprietary enhancement to WEP by Agere Systems (formerly a subsidiary of Lucent Technologies) that enhances WEP security by avoiding 'weak IVs'.^[22] It is only completely effective when WEPplus is used at both ends of the wireless connection. As this cannot easily be enforced, it remains a serious limitation. It also does not necessarily prevent replay attacks, and is ineffective against later statistical attacks that do not rely on weak IVs.^[23]

Dynamic WEP[edit]

Dynamic WEP refers to the combination of 802.1x technology and the Extensible Authentication Protocol. Dynamic WEP changes WEP keys dynamically. It is a vendor-specific feature provided by several vendors such as 3Com.

The dynamic change idea made it into 802.11i as part of TKIP, but not for the actual WEP algorithm.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^IEEE Standard for Information Technology- Telecommunications and Information Exchange Between Systems-Local and Metropolitan Area Networks-Specific Requirements-Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications. IEEE STD 802.11-1997. November 1997. pp. 1–445. doi:10.1109/IEEESTD.1997.85951. ISBN1-55937-935-9.
2. ^ ^abAndrea Bittau; Mark Handley; Joshua Lackey. 'The Final Nail in WEP's Coffin'(PDF). Retrieved 2008-03-16.Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
3. ^'Wireless Adoption Leaps Ahead, Advanced Encryption Gains Ground in the Post-WEP Era' (Press release). RSA Security. 2007-06-14. Archived from the original on 2008-02-02. Retrieved 2007-12-28.
4. ^'What is a WEP key?'. Archived from the original on April 17, 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-11. -- See article at the Wayback Machine
5. ^'SolutionBase: 802.11g vs. 802.11b'. techrepublic.com.
6. ^Fitzpatrick, Jason (September 21, 2016). 'The Difference Between WEP, WPA and WAP2 Wi-Fi Passwords'. How to Geek. Retrieved November 2, 2018.
7. ^Harwood, Mike (29 June 2009). 'Securing Wireless Networks'. CompTIA Network+ N10-004 Exam Prep. Pearson IT Certification. p. 287. ISBN978-0-7897-3795-3. Retrieved 9 July 2016. WEP is an IEEE standard introduced in 1997, designed to secure 802.11 networks.
8. ^Walker, Jesse. 'A History of 802.11 Security'(PDF). Rutgers WINLAB. Intel Corporation. Archived from the original(PDF) on 9 July 2016. Retrieved 9 July 2016. IEEE Std 802.11-1997 (802.11a) defined Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP).
9. ^'WPA Part 2: Weak IV's'. informit.com. Archived from the original on 2013-05-16. Retrieved 2008-03-16.
10. ^'An Inductive Chosen Plaintext Attack against WEP/WEP2'. cs.umd.edu. Retrieved 2008-03-16.
11. ^IEEE 802.11i-2004: Medium Access Control (MAC) Security Enhancements(PDF). 2004. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2007-11-29. Retrieved 2007-12-18.
12. ^Nikita Borisov, Ian Goldberg, David Wagner. 'Intercepting Mobile Communications: The Insecurity of 802.11'(PDF). Retrieved 2006-09-12.Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
13. ^Fluhrer, Scott; Mantin, Itsik; Shamir, Adi (2001). 'Weaknesses in the Key Scheduling Algorithm of RC4'(PDF).
14. ^Cam-Winget, Nancy; Housley, Russ; Wagner, David; Walker, Jesse (May 2003). 'Security Flaws in 802.11 Data Link Procotols'(PDF). Communications of the ACM. 46 (5): 35–39.
15. ^'Wireless Features'. www.smallnetbuilder.com.
16. ^Tews, Erik; Weinmann, Ralf-Philipp; Pyshkin, Andrei. 'Breaking 104 bit WEP in less than 60 seconds'(PDF).
17. ^Greenemeier, Larry (May 9, 2007). 'T.J. Maxx data theft likely due to wireless 'wardriving''. Information Week. Retrieved September 3, 2012.
18. ^'802.11b Update: Stepping Up Your WLAN Security'. networkmagazineindia.com. Retrieved 2008-03-16.
19. ^'WIRELESS NETWORK SECURITY'(PDF). Proxim Wireless. Retrieved 2008-03-16.Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
20. ^'802.11mb Issues List v12'(excel). 20 Jan 2009. p. CID 98. The use of TKIP is deprecated. The TKIP algorithm is unsuitable for the purposes of this standard
21. ^'WEP2, Credibility Zero'. starkrealities.com. Retrieved 2008-03-16.
22. ^'Agere Systems is First to Solve Wireless LAN Wired Equivalent Privacy Security Issue; New Software Prevents Creation of Weak WEP Keys'. Business Wire. 2001-11-12. Retrieved 2008-03-16.
23. ^See Aircrack-ng

External links[edit]